Rational choice perspectives on offending. Am Sociol Rev 44(4):588–608Ĭornish DB, Clarke RV (eds) (1986) The reasoning criminal. Macmillan, New YorkĬohen L, Felson M (1979) Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. Transaction Books, New BrunswickĬohen AK (ed) (1968) International encyclopaedia of the social sciences, vol XV. Advances in criminological theory, vol 5. Addison-Wesley, ReadingĬlarke RV, Felson M (eds) (1993) Routine activity and rational choice. McGraw-Hill, New YorkĬhambliss WJ, Seidmann R (1986) Law, order, and power. National Council for Crime Prevention, Stockholm, pp 241–258Ĭhambliss WJ (ed) (1969) Crime and the legal process. In: Farrington DP, Sampson RJ, Wikström P-OH (eds) Integrating individual and ecological aspects of crime. Criminology 26(4):519–552īursik RJ, Grasmick HG (1993) Methods of studying community change in the rate and pattern of crime. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 35–66īursik RJ (1988) Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: problems and prospects. In: Reiss AJ Jr, Tonry M (eds) Communities and crime. Soc Forces 63:393–413īursik RJ (1986) Ecological stability and the dynamics of delinquency. Waveland, Prospect Heightsīursik RJ (1984) Urban dynamics and ecological studies of delinquency. Cambridge University Press, Cambridgeīrantingham PJ, Brantingham PL (eds) (1991) Environmental criminology. Indiana University Press, Bloomingtonīraithwaite J (1989) Crime, shame and reintegration. Criminology 26(1):57–74īonger WA (1969 ) Criminality and economic conditions (abridged edition ed.). Heineman, London, pp 3–38īlumstein A, Cohen J, Farrington DP (1988) Longitudinal and criminal career research: further clarifications. In: Bottomore T, Nisbet R (eds) A history of sociological analysis. J Res Crime Delinq 27(4):325–347īierstedt R (1978) Sociological thought in the eighteenth century. Am J Sociol 92(5):1140–1169īernard TJ (1990) Twenty years of testing theories: what have we learned and why. The Free Press, New Yorkīeirne P (1987) Adolphe Quételet and the origins of positivist criminology. Roxbury, Los Angelesīecker GS (1968) Crime and punishment: an economic approach. Criminology 30:47–87Īgnew R (2006) Pressured into crime. Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, HeidelbergĪgnew R (1992) Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Einleitung in die Kriminalpsychologie für Mediziner, Juristen und Soziologen Ein Beitrag zur Reform der Strafgesetzgebung, 2 edn. McGraw-Hill, New YorkĪfschaffenberg G (1906) Das Verbrechen und seine Bekämpfung. People who do not progress through these stages may become stuck in their moral development and, as a result, become deviants or criminals.Adler F (1975) Sisters in crime. That is, they value the laws of the social system. The third level of moral reasoning, the post-conventional level, is reached during early adulthood at which point individuals are able to go beyond social conventions. During this stage, moral reasoning is based on the expectations that the child’s family and significant others have for him or her. The second level is called the conventional level and is reached at the end of middle childhood. During the first stage, called the pre-conventional stage, which is reached during middle childhood, moral reasoning is based on obedience and avoiding punishment. Lawrence Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist, theorized that there are three levels of moral reasoning. How Cognitive Development Theory Explains DevianceĪccording to the cognitive development theory, criminal and deviant behavior results from the way in which individuals organize their thoughts around morality and the law.
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